David Friedman: “Within the firm coordination is by central control, executives figuring out what workers should do and workers doing it as instructed. If that form of coordination was always and inevitably inferior to coordination by market transactions the result would be an agoric economy, each individual buying inputs and selling outputs, coordinating their activities by market transactions. Why does that not happen? How is it possible for a firm coordinated from above by its owner-manager to compete with the market alternative? Coase’s answer was that while centralized coordination indeed has costs, so does market coordination.” [via Arnold Kling]
TheMaxSource: “Forty-two percent of startups fail because nobody wants what they built. This number comes from CB Insights analysis of 110+ failed companies. They didn’t run out of money first. They didn’t lose to competitors. They built something and discovered the market didn’t care. The median time to learn this lesson: eighteen months and six figures in wasted capital…Fast-moving companies test three things in sequence: problem intensity, solution appeal, willingness to pay. Each layer requires harder evidence than the last.”
Economist: ” A recent study by Ivan Yotzov of the Bank of England and co-authors found that executives spend only about 1.5 hours a week using AI. Nine out of ten senior managers see no measurable improvement in labour productivity. The organisational rewiring, in other words, has barely begun. Something big may indeed be happening with AI itself. For now, it remains largely invisible in the macroeconomic data.”
ET on the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP 2.0) : “At the heart of the NMP framework is a distinction that policymakers have repeatedly stressed that asset monetisation is not outright privatisation. The government retains ownership of the underlying assets. What is transferred is the right to operate, maintain and earn revenue from brownfield infrastructure for a fixed concession period, typically under transparent bidding frameworks such as toll-operate-transfer models, infrastructure investment trusts, long-term leases or public-private partnerships. The economic logic of NMP 2.0 is straightforward. India has invested heavily in creating physical infrastructure such as highways, transmission lines, ports, airports, pipelines and railway freight corridors. These are capital-intensive assets with long gestation periods. Once operational and revenue-generating, they can be leased to private operators who are often better placed to extract efficiency gains and bear operational risks. The upfront proceeds realised by the government can then be recycled into new greenfield projects, creating a virtuous investment cycle. In effect, the state converts illiquid public assets into liquid financial resources, without relinquishing ultimate ownership. This recycling of capital is the core principle of NMP 2.0.”

